Hyaluronic acid has been described as nature’s moisturizer and is found throughout the human body including in the dermis and in the basal level of the epidermis. It is one of the most common glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the skin. As a GAG, it helps maintain the skin’s hydration and turgor and also helps transport water soluble nutritional material to the skin cells. This usefulness is due to the fact that hyaluronic acid loves water and attracts it and holds onto it (molecules that do so are called humectants). Hyaluronic acid is so good a humectant, it can hold 1000 times it’s weight in water! (Necas et al. 2008).

How does it do that? Well, hyaluronic acid is a polysaccharide which means it is made up of sugar molecules bonded together. Specifically, it is formed by repeating units of 2 sugars, one of which is d-glucoronic acid and the other is d-N-acetylglucosamine. These sugars form chains that can get very large, in fact several thousands of sugars long. These long and loose chains when combined with water intertwine together forming a water-rich jelly. As you age, the levels of hyaluronic acid inside skin declines in part contributing to dry skin with aging (Gupta et al. 2019).

Hyaluronic acid is a large, big and bulky molecule and topically applied, it will not penetrate and enter into the skin where it is naturally found. Instead, it will sit on top of the skin and create a humid microenvironment that helps with hydration and gives the skin a dewy appearance. It serves a similar function as other natural moisturizing factors that sit on top of the skin. And since hyaluronic acid is a natural part of your body, there are no real toxic or allergic effects in its natural state. Note that if you want to increase hyaluronic acid content inside the skin, turn to a retinoid product (Maelove’s Moonlight or Stargaze) or a peptide product that contains signal and carrier peptides (Maelove’s Peptide Squad).

Some products on the market have tried to make smaller weight hyaluronic acid products that can penetrate into the skin (Essendoubi et al. 2016). We do not recommend this at Maelove as small pieces of hyaluronic acid that can penetrate into the skin have been found to trigger inflammation (Chen and Abatangelo 1999, McKee et al. 1996). In fact, wounds treated with natural high molecular weight hyaluronic acid won’t be scarred, but those treated with low molecular weight hyaluronic acid will have increased scarring (Necas et al. 2008). When you are looking at ingredient lists, avoid anything that says hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid or anything that claims to contain low molecular weight hyaluronic acid or a wide variety of molecular weights. We keep it simple here at Maelove, and only include natural, larger hyaluronic acid that will not penetrate the skin.

In the Hydrator, super humectant hyaluronic acid is combined with another superior and natural humectant: panthenol. Panthenol, also known as provitamin B5, has been used for over 70 years to treat and moisturize skin and hair. It is a powerful anti-inflammatory that can be absorbed by the skin where it is converted into pantothenic acid, Vitamin B5. In this form, it can aid in the production of fatty acids and sphingolipids that strengthen the skin barrier (Proksch et al. 2017). Further, in double-blind clinical trials conducted over several decades, panthenol has been found to be effective at fighting redness, irritation, and chronic inflammation of skin (Proksch et al. 2017, Stettler et al. 2016, Scott et al 2022), well tolerated in those with sensitive skin (Nisbet et al. 2019) and by healthy infants (Stettler et al. 2017).

When dry skin combines with an arid climate or dry winter weather, it is difficult to keep skin hydrated. While “slugging” with thick petroleum-based products could help keep in moisture, their greasiness makes them unpleasant. After trying many moisturizers, we couldn’t find any that were both deeply hydrating and with that perfect texture and skin-feel. Either they were too thick and goopy, caused milia and acne, were too greasy, or were just too thin and runny to do the job. So we really wanted that combination of perfect texture with high performance. Non-greasy with a smooth finish and non-comedogenic, that absorbed well but still left a good barrier on the skin.

For this reason, the team set to work on a cream that was not only a moisture booster, but also provided a strong barrier that would hold moisture in even in very dry environments, AND had that perfect skin-feel. We also enhanced the formula with skin barrier supporting and redness fighting ingredients that would help keep dry and inflamed skin smooth and calmed.

Amino acids and peptides derived from soy and rice are natural moisturizing factors that also have anti-aging benefits. Incorporating these along with skin barrier supporting vitamins (panthenol and niacinamide) and anti-inflammatory botanicals (green tea and rosemary) into a cream that utilized plant-based lipids (squalane, shea butter, jojoba esters) with performance on par with petroleum provided the solution. The result: A rich, but quick-absorbing, non-greasy cream that feels luxurious but not heavy and can even combat arid climates and dry winter air leaving skin soft, supple, and protected.

Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins and peptides. Peptides are basically mini-proteins. Amino acids and peptide are natural moisturizing factors. Hydro Relief incorporates amino acids and peptides derived from soy and rice that in addition to having hydrating benefits, also provide anti-aging benefits and can even out skin tone.

Amino acids and peptides are hygroscopic molecules (humectants) that play a role as natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) within corneocytes. Indeed, 50% of NMFs are amino acids (from the breakdown of protein filaggrin) while the remaining NMFs are salts such as lactates, urea, and electrolytes (Purnamawati et al. 2017).

Additionally, soy peptides are known as enzyme inhibitor peptides that have anti-aging activity. Studies show soy peptides inhibit serine proteases such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that break up extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) (Schagen 2017, Ferreira 2020). Rice bran extracts and amino acids can also have anti-tyrosinase activity for hyperpigmentation to help even out skin tone (Schagen 2017). Particularly in East Asia, peptides derived from soy and rice have been used for thousands of years going back to ancient times. In modern times, due to these powerfully hydrating, skin tone evening, and anti-aging properties, soy and rice peptides and extracts have been widely used in skincare products in East Asia for decades.

Dry skin in the winter is a common complaint as humidity drops and the skin barrier is insufficient to prevent significant moisture loss. A recent trend called “slugging” uses petroleum jelly (vaseline) to combat winter dryness. However, it is greasy and environmentally unfriendly. Can plant-based lipids form as good a moisture barrier as petroleum-based products but without these downsides? The science says yes and shows plant-based lipids can have other benefits as well.

Shea butter, jojoba esters and squalane are favored to function as emollients and occlusives not only for their natural benefits and functionality but also for superior skin-feel.

Shea butter is a fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree (Butyrospermum parkii). 85-90% of the fatty acid composition of shea butter is stearic and oleic acids, and the rest is composed of linoleic, palmitic, and arachidic fatty acids. These naturally found long chain saturated fatty acids act not only as occlusives but as emollients, incorporating into the skin barrier and improving skin barrier repair and hydration. In addition to fatty acids, shea butter contains natural triterpenes that have anti-inflammatory action (Purnamawati et al. 2017).

Squalene is a natural component of sebum and one of the most common lipids produced by human skin cells. The amount of squalene produced naturally by the body decreases drastically after age 30 contributing to dry skin with aging. Squalane (with an ‘a’) is a saturated form of squalene derived from plants. Squalane mimics squalene and has the added advantage of being less susceptible to oxidation. This makes squalane an ideal choice for use in moisturizers. Further, it does not have an oily feel, is odorless, does not lead to acne, is antibacterial and is safe for sensitive skin (Sethi et al. 2016).

Jojoba is a shrub native to the Southwestern United States whose seeds contain a liquid wax oil that was first used for skin and hair conditioning and healing by Native Americans. This oil contains long straight-chain wax esters that are more similar in composition to whale oil than other vegetable oils making it a superior occlusive. In fact, in clinical studies, jojoba esters perform on par with petroleum based products at preventing trans-epidermal water loss making it an ideal plant-based alternative for petroleum (Oliphant et al. 2013).

Moisturizers generally provide hydration with humectants, emollients, and occlusives. Humectants attract and hold water, while emollients and occlusives provide lipids that incorporate into your existing skin barrier and also form a film on top of the skin for added water holding support. However, they may also function in a second, more long-term way by promoting the production of endogenous ceramides, cholesterol and fatty acids that form your natural skin barrier. Vitamins, and in particular niacinamide (vitamin B3) and panthenol (provitamin B5) are two of the most proven ingredients that demonstrates this type of skin barrier supporting activity. They have been found to be particularly useful at supporting your skin barrier against winter dryness and reducing redness.

Panthenol is not only an excellent humectant but it is also absorbed into the skin where it is converted into pantothenic acid which is hygroscopic. This is in part why panthenol is an excellent moisturizer. The other is that pantothenic acid is a constituent of coenzyme A which is a cofactor in the synthesis of fatty acids and sphingoplipids that strengthen the skin barrier (Proksh et al. 2017). It is one of the most time-tested ingredients in moisturizers shown in double-blind clinical trials conducted over several decades to be effective and safe at hydrating, repairing and restoring a damaged skin barrier (Proksch et al. 2017, Scott et al. 2022). It is also well tolerated in those with sensitive skin with winter xerosis (Nisbet et al. 2019). Along with niacinamide, panthenol was found to have anti-inflammatory action as well and significantly reduce facial redness due to winter xerosis in those with sensitive skin (Nisbet et al. 2019)

Niacinamide is one of the most well-studied and gold standard ingredients in moisturizers, and particularly in moisturizers that are anti-aging. It directly combats age-related declines in cofactors that are necessary for a strong skin barrier. In other words, it supports the long-term hydration of skin by helping kickstart the body’s natural skin barrier strengthening mechanisms that may have become faulty with aging (Matts et al. 2002). Niacinamide when applied to dry skin has been shown to increase levels of skin barrier lipids such as ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol and to decrease trans-epidermal water loss (Tanno et al. 2008). Niacinamide also increases protein levels for collagen, keratin, fillaggrin, and involucrin which also experience age-related declines (Gehring 2004, Bissett et al. 2006). This is why Niacinamide can also combat fine lines and wrinkles (Bisset et al. 2006).

In addition to its ability to increase skin hydration in older subjects, niacinamide has proven to be an effective and superior ingredient in combating skin dryness in eczema patients and in winter xerosis (dry and scaly skin brought on by dry, winter environments). For instance, in a head-to-head study against white petroleum in the treatment of dry skin in eczema patients, a niacinamide containing moisturizer but not petroleum led to long-term decreases in trans-epidermal water loss across 8 weeks. Further, while skin hydration improved similarly for both the niacinamide containing moisturizer and petroleum immediately after application, superior hydration was seen at 4 weeks and 8 weeks with niacinamide (Soma et al. 2005). Hence, with continued use, a niacinamide containing moisturizer was superior to white petroleum at strengthening the skin barrier and combatting skin dryness long-term. Niacinamide has also been shown to improve hydration and alleviate skin dryness specifically in patients with winter xerosis (Gehring 2004, Nisbet et al. 2019).

Panthenol and niacinamide have additional desirable properties as anti-inflammatories. Modern moisturizers further aim to include additional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as botanical extracts. Dry skin leads to a weakened skin barrier and hence, allergens and microbes can penetrate leading to free radical damage and inflammation. Inflamed and dry skin is therefore a common complaint. The addition of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients in moisturizers can aid in combating free radical damage and treating the inflammation. Botanical extracts from green tea and rosemary incorporate phytocompounds that have naturally antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action found to be beneficial for skin health (Prasanth et al. 2019, Pomi et al. 2023).

Yes you can. The actives in The Hydrator and Hydro Relief including hyaluronic acid, panthenol, and resveratrol are all considered generally safe to use topically during pregnancy and lactation. However, it is always advisable to check with your doctor regarding skin care products and ingredients.

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